Martin Bucer, Marriage, & the Reformation (part 2)

Use this link to watch my sermon on Discerning the Body: https://subspla.sh/fd875hb

Conference I am presenting at

A discussion around the kingdom of God and National Politics

At this conference, Miguel De la Torre and Carlos Ham, two leading Cuban theologians, will discuss the gift of Cuban theology for the Church by exploring the theological situation of Cuba prior to the revolution, after the revolution, and today in Cuba and outside of Cuba.

In this sermon I look at Jesus' concluding words of the sermon on the mount. Jesus tells us that if you hear his words and do not act on them that we fall. Hearing includes acting; that is the way of a disciple.

In this sermon I explore the revelation of God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit to Mary in the Annunciation using the Godly Play method. Happy Trinity Sunday!

The text below is a draft copy of my chapel sermon for Azusa Pacific University ( watch here ) for the commemorating of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. My chief source for the material on Mary during the Reformation comes from Diarmaid MacCulloch's essay "The Virgin Mary and the Protestant Reformers" in All Things Made New: The Reformation and Its Legacy (OUP, 2016) and my quotations from Jean Vanier come from Drawn into the Mystery of Jesus Through the Gospel of John (Paulist Press, 2004 ) and The Gospel of John, the Gospel of Relationship (Franciscan Media, 2015) . Protestantism: A Motherless Christianity (delivered at APU chapel on 10/23/2017) In a week some of you are going to mourn that you are too old to get free candy. But this year, while the majority is celebrating Halloween, thousands of Christians will be celebrating the 500th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation. 500 years ago on the 31st of October 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 theses and the infighting in the church dramatically escalated and spread. The verbal and physical abuse reached such heights of maliciousness that the church was separated. Families were divided. The Western Church split. And 500 years later, the West is still experiencing the pain of that tragic divorce. So how should we commemorate the sin of disunity and divorce? I am an ordained pastor in the Free Methodist Church (a Protestant denomination). And I grew up in a Cuban Protestant family. My grandfather would often refer to the Pope as the Antichrist—a sentiment not uncommon for Latino/a Protestants to hold. And throughout my life as a Protestant in Evangelical Non-Denominational churches, I was told that the people in the churches across the street didn’t believe that Jesus saved them – I was told they worshipped Mary. I was led to believe that spending time thinking about the mother of Jesus was dangerous, if not evil; in the Protestant imagination she mysteriously entices people to idolatry. This is what I believed for many years. And for many Protestants this is a familiar experience, we grow up, are taught, and live in a separated church where our Protestant churches play the role of the bitter divorced father, who has nothing good to say about our mother. 500 years ago the fight over the mother of Jesus reached such heights that she literally became a battered mother. When the reformation spread, so did the defacing of Marian images, especially in the shrines devoted to her. Here is the Virgin Mary of Valladolid in Spain. In 1596 the English took over the Catholic city of Valladolid, they dragged the statue of Mary from the church into the market square where they cut off her arms and mutilated her face. Repeatedly, over and over, this act would be replayed throughout Protestant Europe. And we have been shaped by this domestic violence. Protestants also reframed how we were to view Mary as a biblical character. Reformers in the 16th and 17th centuries sought out to pacify the mother of our Lord – diminishing her prophetic nerve in Scripture, especially in the Magnificat where she challenges the rich and powerful. Instead they would reframe her as a submissive and humble widow. If you were a Protestant and wanted to talk about Mary then you could only do so by highlighting her passive femininity. And we have been shaped by this silencing sexism. Mary’s image would come to be replaced by images of the male heroes of the Reformation. One of Luther’s favorite images was this frequently printed title page to his German Bible . Who is standing under the cross? Who is missing? Under the cross are Martin Luther and Johann Friedrich (MacCulloch, 52). Mary has disappeared. And that reveals a great tragedy for Protestants. Our mother has been replaced and ignored. And we have been shaped by that abandoning of our mother. The diminishing and disparaging of Mary, the Mother of God, is one of the saddest – and often neglected – consequences of the Reformation for Protestants. So when I was asked to speak in chapel on the Reformation, I thought that the best way of commemorating the Reformation would be to point out something we’ve lost: Our Mother. Please stand for the reading of the Gospel. John 19:25-28 Now, standing near the cross of Jesus were his mother, and his mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene. When Jesus saw his mother and the disciple whom he loved standing beside her, he said to his mother, “Woman, behold your son.” Then he said to the disciple, “Behold, your mother.” And from that hour the disciple took her into what was truly his own. The Word of the Lord. Please be seated. Above is a Russian Orthodox icon of the crucifixion from the late 14th century. I want to make a couple observations on the passage using this icon. Mary is with Jesus. Peter and many others have denied Jesus, and fled. But Mary is here with Jesus. Mary has been with Jesus from birth. And here she is again with her vulnerable Son. The theologian Jean Vanier says this: “Mary has always known the weakness of Jesus. She had held the tiny Jesus in her arms, she had fed him her milk, she had loved him, she had touched him with tenderness, and she had looked after him when he was little. When he cried, she was there to console him and to love him. Mary does not fear a humble, little, and vulnerable Messiah” (Vanier, Relationship , 115). Mary is not afraid. Mary is faithful. She loves her Son, Jesus. Here she is at the foot of the cross. She will stay with him to the end. Jesus is her son. Jesus has her human DNA in his body. Think about it, Mary is the one who provides to God the human flesh of our Lord and Savior. The flesh of Mary is taken into God’s life. And so, Mary’s flesh comes to represent all of humanity’s flesh; her flesh is our flesh, the flesh that God takes into his life through his Son Jesus. In this way, Mary plays an incredibly important role in our story since it is through her that all humanity is connected to Jesus. Through Jesus’s humanity, Mary’s and our humanity, is taken into the life of God. We stand before God in the humanity of Jesus through the assumed flesh of Mary. Think about that. Also here in this icon we see Jesus on the cross facing his mother. We see the disciple whom Jesus loved; John is looking downcast. And we see Mary looking at John while pointing to Jesus. In all the icons of the East Mary is depicted as directing our gaze toward her Son. She leads us, she points us, to Jesus. Remember the story at the beginning of John’s Gospel, where Mary and Jesus and some friends are at a wedding in Cana. Here Mary tells Jesus that the wine is finished, he says: “‘Woman, what concern is that to you and to me? My hour has not yet come.’ His mother said to the servants, ‘Do whatever he tells you.’” Jesus only calls his mother “Woman” in two places in the gospel, at the wedding and at the cross (the gospel lesson we read). So here you have two stories that are connected. Second, at the wedding, Jesus introduces the concept of his “hour” that has not yet come. John tells us that his hour is the hour of his death, the crucifixion. The cross is the hour when all is finished. Again, here we see that Cana and Cross are bookends to the story. Lastly, and here I want to return to the icon, Mary tells the servants “Do whatever he tells you.” “Do whatever my Son Jesus tells you.” She does not say do what I tell you, but she points to her Son. The mother of Jesus in icons and in the gospels is repeatedly pointing us to Jesus. Here in this scene John’s eyes are looking at the ground (his gaze is lost), but Mary is looking at him gently gesturing that he lift his eyes. She does this because she is now his mother too, and mothers remind us where to look. Think about that. On the cross Jesus is dying; we are at the end of the gospel. Here he finishes what he came to do. His hour has arrived and his last act here is of uniting his mother to the disciple who he loves – and this disciple stands in for all disciples, for you and for me. Jesus looks down and sees his mother and says: “Woman, behold your son.” And then he says to the disciple “Behold, your mother.” Jesus did not say ‘behold MY mother’, rather he said ‘ YOUR Mother.’ This is an adoption scene. Jesus has given us his mother and in so doing he makes us his brothers and sisters. “Behold, your mother.” Jesus has just united his mother and his disciples in a beautiful act of communion. At the very beginning of the Gospel in the prologue, we are told that we will be given power to become children of God. And here we see that reality. In John chapter 17, Jesus prays: “I glorified you on earth by accomplishing the work that you gave me to do.” And what was that work he was given to do by the Father? It was the work of unity and communion, “that they may all be one. As you, Father, are in me and I am in you, may they also be in us, so that the world may believe that you have sent me. … so that the world may know that you have sent me and have loved them even as you have loved me” (John 17:21, 23). Vanier states: “The final gesture of Jesus is to bring Mary and John into oneness as he and the Father are one, to create a covenant of love between them” (Vanier, Drawn into the Mystery, 324-325). Jesus prays and works for unity, for unity. We are brothers and sisters of the same mother. Think about that. And lastly, here is John, the disciple whom Jesus loved. We are that disciple, we are that beloved of God. Here in the icon John is downcast, he is lost in grief, fear, and remorse. He cannot look to Jesus, he is afraid. We are the disciples whom Jesus loves. We are anxious about the future, we are heart broken over failed relationships, we are troubled by our repeated failings, we have suffered too many losses, we are curved in on ourselves in worry, it is too hard to look up, we are lost. Jesus knows we need a mother’s help, so he gives us his own. Sometimes we need her encouraging nudge to see Him, to see our brother, and be reminded that we are not alone, that we are part of God’s beautiful family. Mary tells us, “Look up, look to Jesus – do whatever he tells you, do not be afraid” Think about that. In conclusion, disunity is a sin. Our disunity and endless Protestant separations and divisions are a witness of brokenness, the anti-image of the love between the Father and the Son. How do you commemorate a separation, a divorce? Well, you start by remembering your mother and listening to her admonition to “Look up, and Do whatever he tells you to do!” And this is what Jesus is telling us to do – he says “ I give you a new commandment, that you love one another. Just as I have loved you, you also should love one another. By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another” (John 13:34-35). So stop fighting, stop name-calling, ask for forgiveness, and seek peace. Befriend a Catholic, befriend a Protestant, befriend an Orthodox Christian and remember that we all come from the same mother. And she is one strong mother. … I don’t want a motherless Christianity. Pray with me: Father, 500 years of pain. 500 years of name-calling. Send upon us your rushing Spirit so that our hearts might be utterly broken by the many divisions we perpetuate and live in. We confess that we have not loved one another and because of our failure to love, we have failed to be seen as your disciples in the world. Father, we confess that way too often we look just like the world, especially in our divisions. Give us the strength and courage to seek friendship and unity, reconciliation and forgiveness. We thank you for giving us Mary as our mother. Help us to cherish her as you cherish her. And teach us through her witness, how we can help usher all humanity to your Son, for the glory of your Name’s sake. In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. Let’s not celebrate our divisions; let’s work at coming together. Remember your mother!

The following comes from draft of a paper I presented at conference Reformation Reverberations: Consequences and Challenges of Change at APU commemorating the 500th anniversary of Luther 95 theses. My thoughts here are mostly dependent on the excellent study by Herman J. Selderhuis, Marriage and Divorce in the Thought of Martin Bucer , trans. by J. Vriend and L. Bierma (Truman State University Press, 1999). I NTRODUCTION The Obergefell v. Hodges 2015 Supreme Court Decision [1] is connected and a result of the reformation of marriage developed and strenuously debated by the 16th century Protestant Reformers. To briefly illustrate some of these connections I want to highlight how the discussion around marriage – particularly by Martin Bucer – can be seen as in line with America’s recent developments concerning marriage. With the legalization of same-sex marriage in the 21st century, the 16th century marriage reforms have come to full maturation, for better or worse. The 500th Anniversary of the Reformation is therefore something that not only Protestants should commemorate, but something that married members of the LGBT community can happily celebrate, for in many respects the reformer’s views of marriage, divorce, and celibacy paved the way to civil authorities granting same-sex marriages as a fundamental right. This paper will briefly sketch these connections, primarily through the work of Martin Bucer, whose work on marriage and divorce were influential on the European continent but especially in England. I will proceed by first providing a short biographical sketch of Bucer’s life with an eye to our topic of marriage. Second, I will highlight some of his views on marriage that he expressed in his various writings on the topic. And lastly, I will provide some unrefined concluding thoughts. MARTIN BUCER Who is Martin Bucer? Martin Bucer was born in 1491 in Alsace. He was a contemporary of Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli, part of the crew that we call the first generation of reformers. Bucer became responsible for the reforming efforts of Strasbourg. While leading the reform there he mentored the young John Calvin and spent countless hours as a mediator between the Swiss reforming camp and Luther’s German reforming camp. Bucer began his ecclesial career as a Dominican monk, but after meeting Luther and reading his popular tracts of 1521, Bucer decided to leave the Order and broke his monastic vows. He then, quickly found a runaway nun, Elizabeth Silbereisen, and got married in the Summer of 1522 (following only Karlstadt and Zwingli ( secretly ) in this move toward clerical marriage). From that point on he was writing on marriage, divorce and celibacy, while also negotiating marriages and re-marriages. Having experienced marital bliss himself (and no doubt dousing his burning sex drive) he was zealous to have others share the blissful estate and so he invested time brokering marriages. That we know he successfully arranged the marriages of Wolfgang Capito, Conrad Hubert, John Calvin, Bartholomew Fontius, Paul Phyrgio, Christoph Söll (to his stepdaughter), Guillaume Du Molin, among others. If you were single and an acquaintance of Bucer, he had a plan for your life. In 1542 Elizabeth arranged for Bucer to marry his friend’s widow as she herself was dying. So upon her death Bucer remarried the widow of Wolfgang Capito, Wibrandis Rosenblatt, who has been affectionately nicknamed the Reformation Frau or The Bride of the Reformation, because Bucer was her fourth reforming husband following Ludwig Keller, Johannes Oecolampadius, & Wolfgang Capito. In addition to these experiences of marriage and remarriage Bucer became a key negotiator in political marriage affairs; predominantly the affairs of Henry VIII (where his opinion was requested) and the marital desires of Philip the Landgrave of Hesse. In regard to Henry VIII’s situation, Bucer first suggested that the King take on a second marriage, that is, practice bigamy. However, in subsequent letters he asserted that if a bigamous arrangement would not be possible the king’s disturbed conscience could be used to demonstrate the breakdown of the marital union rendering it illegitimate, since if the conscience of the king was clear the marriage would be legitimate. [2] As we will see continuing affection is an important pillar underlying Bucer’s understanding of marriage. [3] In the situation with the Landgrave, Bucer met with Philip and wrote up a defense of bigamy. This defense gave Philip the confidence to get a second wife. Bucer and Melanchthon attended the wedding. A primary argument for allowing Philip more than one wife was that because marriage was meant to help curb sexual desire and avoid fornication, if sexual desire was not being squelched within the first marriage then taking on a second wife allowed a man to continue to curb his yearning loins without committing fornication. If he were not allowed to remarry he would be in a place where committing adultery was a strong possibility. Herman J. Selderhuis summarizes Bucer’s view, thus: “God would rather allow a certain evil to thereby avoid a worse evil. To have more than one wife is certainly evil but to have an extramarital relationship is a greater evil and even more destructive of marriage.” [4] Now it should be noted that Bucer was not alone in allowing the Landgrave a bigamous solution, in this he was in agreement with Luther and Melanchthon, amongst others. It should also be noted that bigamy was illegal and punishable by death in the empire, and thus this arrangement eventually put the Landgrave, who was one of the most powerful Protestant princes, on unstable political footing – He would eventually sign the emperor’s Augsburg interim to save his neck. [5] This brief biographical sketch minimally demonstrates that for Bucer and other Reformers, Marriage, Divorce, Re-Marriage, and Bigamy were at the heart of the Reformation (pun-intended). What Bucer wrote on the subject of marriage will help us understand why and how he and others played with marriage the way they did. [1] Here are some key aspects of Justin Robert Kennedy’s opinion: “The nature of marriage is that, through its enduring bond, two persons together can find other freedoms, such as expression, intimacy, and spirituality. This is true for all persons, whatever their sexual orientation.” (576 U.S. __ 2015, 13). And “A second principle in this Court’s jurisprudence is that the right to marry is fundamental because it supports a two-person union unlike any other in its importance to the committed individuals. … Marriage responds to the universal fear that a lonely person might call out only to find no one there. It offers the hope of companionship and understanding and assurance that while both still live there will be someone to care for the other” (576 U.S. __ 2015, 13-14). [2] Selderhuis 145-148. Bucer’s first thought to Simon Grynaeus’s search for support (on behalf of the king) was that second marriage might be better: “Bucer therefore thought it better to permit Henry a second marriage while maintaining the first, at least if the queen could agree to this arrangement. In that case, henry would be obligated to continue to honor her as queen and to love her as a wife. … In adopting to this position he was agreeing with Luther who in this situation preferred bigamy to dissolution as well” (Selderhuis, 141). (and since Catharin of Aragon was the cousin of the Emperor). Bucer does however appeal to conscience as a way out: “In a third letter Bucer repeated that, according to the letter of the law, the marriage between Henry and Catherine was in fact illegitimate. The marriage would be illegitimate if Henry’s conscience were unencumbered. Bucer’s appeal to the absence of clear conscience apparently meant for him that in that case the law might have been violated. The conscience constitutes a domain of its own where in exceptional situations violations of God’s law can be justified before him (Selderhuis, 142). [3] Selderhuis, 141-142. See on his view of affection page 154 in regard to Philips marriage and page 167. [4] Selderhuis, 154. [5] Bucer supports Philip of Hesse’s desire to take a second wife. He predominantly takes up this position in his book Argumenta Buceri Pro et Contra. Arguments for bigamy: “Because one motive for marriage is avoidance of fornication, this is probably also the argument for the fact that the patriarchs had more than one wife” (Selderhuis, 154). A marriage where love is lacking is no marriage at all: “As an example of a situation which something evil has to be chosen to avoid a greater evil he mentions divorce. A divorce that is not occasioned by adultery, after all, while also wrong, is nevertheless permitted, for a marriage in which love is lacking is no longer a marriage. In such cases God would rather have a divorce take place than that a husband and wife remained in a matrimonial relationship without love and so sinned even more seriously against marriage. … God would rather allow a certain evil to thereby avoid a worse evil. To have more than one wife is certainly evil but to have an extramarital a relationship is a greater evil and even more destructive of marriage” (154). Against marriage vows: “To the objection that bigamy is in conflict with the marriage vow Bucer gave the same answer he used with respect to priestly or monastic vows: ‘Before God no vow may be made or kept and no one may promise another person something or ask another to promise something if such a promise promotes evil or prevents the good or if that promise prevents the turning away from evil and the promotion of good’” (Selderhuis, 155). Bucer and Melanchton are present at the wedding on March 4, 1540. Bucer, Luther, Melanchthon, Brenz, Osiander, and Ambrose Bluarer all assented to the bigamous solution.